Dualism in Stoicism is a philosophy that seeks to understand human nature and the world through the distinction between body and soul. This school of thought has its roots in Stoic philosophy, which was founded by Zeno of Citium in the XNUMXrd century BC. Stoicism is known for its emphasis on virtue, acceptance of fate, and the pursuit of inner tranquility. Dualism in Stoicism is one of several facets of this philosophy, and in this glossary, we will explore in detail what dualism in Stoicism is and how it manifests itself in practice.
What is dualism?
Dualism is a philosophical conception that postulates the existence of two fundamental and independent substances or principles. In the context of Stoicism, dualism refers to the distinction between body and soul. The Stoics believed that the body was a material and mortal part of the human being, while the soul was immaterial and divine. This duality between body and soul is fundamental to understanding human nature and the world according to Stoicism.
The nature of the body
In Stoicism, the body is considered an inferior and material part of the human being. It is seen as an instrument that the soul uses to interact with the physical world. The body is subject to the laws of nature and is subject to disease, aging and death. The Stoics believed that the body was governed by irrational impulses and desires, which could lead to disturbance of the soul. Therefore, control and discipline of the body were seen as essential to achieving inner tranquility.
The nature of the soul
The soul, on the other hand, is considered the superior and divine part of the human being. She is immaterial, eternal and immortal. The Stoics believed that the soul was a divine spark that emanated from the logos, the rational principle that governs the universe. The soul is seen as the seat of reason, virtue and wisdom. She is able to transcend the limitations of the body and achieve inner tranquility through virtue and knowledge.
The relationship between body and soul
In Stoicism, the relationship between body and soul is complex. Although the body is considered inferior to the soul, it is not seen as something completely separate or opposed to it. The Stoics believed that the body and soul were inseparable parts of the human being, and that the health and well-being of the body were important for the development of the soul. However, they also emphasized that the soul was superior to the body and that the pursuit of virtue and inner tranquility should be prioritized over material pleasures and desires.
Body discipline
For the Stoics, disciplining the body was an essential part of the search for inner tranquility. They believed that the body should be controlled and disciplined to prevent irrational desires and impulses from disturbing the soul. This involved the practice of self-control, moderation, and renunciation of material pleasures. The Stoics also emphasized the importance of physical health, through exercise, proper diet, and body care.
The discipline of the soul
In addition to disciplining the body, the Stoics also emphasized disciplining the soul as a fundamental part of the search for inner tranquility. This involved the cultivation of virtue, knowledge and reason. The Stoics believed that virtue was the only true good and that the pursuit of virtue was the key to achieving inner tranquility. They advocated the practice of self-discipline, self-analysis and constant reflection on one's actions and thoughts.
Overcoming passions
In Stoicism, passions are seen as disturbances of the soul that impede the search for inner tranquility. Passions, such as fear, anger and sadness, are considered irrational and uncontrolled reactions to external circumstances. The Stoics believed that it was possible to overcome passions through self-control, reason and virtue. They advocated the practice of emotional indifference towards the pleasures and pains of the material world, and the search for inner serenity even in the face of adversity.
Acceptance of fate
One of the fundamental principles of Stoicism is acceptance of fate. The Stoics believed that the universe was governed by a divine order and that everything that happens is in accordance with that order. Therefore, they advocated resigned acceptance of life's events and circumstances, even if they were painful or unwanted. Acceptance of destiny was seen as a way of achieving inner tranquility and living in harmony with nature.
The search for inner tranquility
The search for inner tranquility is the central objective of dualism in Stoicism. The Stoics believed that inner tranquility could be achieved through disciplining the body and soul, overcoming passions and accepting destiny. They believed that inner tranquility was a state of balance and serenity that allowed the individual to live in harmony with themselves and the world. This search for inner tranquility was seen as a constant journey of self-transformation and self-improvement.
The influence of dualism on Stoicism today
The dualism in Stoicism continues to exert influence on contemporary philosophy and psychology. The distinction between body and soul, and the search for inner tranquility, are recurring themes in different philosophical and therapeutic currents. The idea that discipline of the body and soul are essential for well-being and personal fulfillment is also widely held. Dualism in Stoicism invites us to reflect on human nature, the importance of virtue and reason, and the search for inner serenity in an increasingly hectic and complex world.
