What is A posteriori in Philosophy

The expression “a posteriori” is a philosophical term that originates in the Latin language and means “from what comes later”. In philosophy, this term is used to refer to a type of knowledge that is acquired through experience, empirical observation, or factual evidence. Unlike “a priori” knowledge, which is obtained independently of experience, “a posteriori” knowledge is based on concrete facts and depends on sensory experience.

A priori and a posteriori knowledge

To better understand what “a posteriori” knowledge is, it is important to also understand the concept of “a priori” knowledge. “A priori” knowledge is knowledge that is obtained independently of experience, that is, it is knowledge that can be known only by reason, without the need for empirical observation. This type of knowledge is considered universal and necessary, as it is valid in all circumstances and does not depend on particular experiences.

On the other hand, “a posteriori” knowledge is acquired through experience and empirical observation. It is contingent, that is, it depends on particular circumstances and can vary according to individual experiences. This type of knowledge is based on concrete facts and cannot be known by reason alone, and it is necessary to resort to sensory experience to obtain it.

Examples of posterior knowledge

To illustrate the concept of “a posteriori” knowledge, we can cite some examples. Imagine you want to know if it is raining outside. To get this information, you need to look out the window and see if there is rain falling. This knowledge about the climate is acquired through sensory experience, that is, it is “a posteriori” knowledge.

Another example is knowledge about the color of a certain fruit. If you want to know if an apple is red, you need to look at it and observe its color. This knowledge is also acquired through sensory experience, and is therefore “a posteriori” knowledge.

The relationship between a posteriori knowledge and the truth

An important issue related to “a posteriori” knowledge is its relationship with truth. Unlike “a priori” knowledge, which is considered universal and necessary, “a posteriori” knowledge is contingent and depends on particular circumstances. This means that “a posteriori” knowledge can be false or true, depending on the evidence and experiences that support it.

For example, if someone claims that all apples are red based on observing some red apples, that claim is “a posteriori” knowledge. However, if this person has never seen a green apple, they may be making a mistake, as there are apples of colors other than red. In this case, “a posteriori” knowledge would be false, as it would not correspond to reality.

A posteriori in philosophy

The term “a posteriori” is widely used in philosophy, especially in epistemology, which is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature and limits of knowledge. In philosophy, “a posteriori” knowledge is often contrasted with “a priori” knowledge, being considered less secure and less universal.

Some philosophers, such as Immanuel Kant, argue that “a priori” knowledge is necessary to substantiate “a posteriori” knowledge. According to Kant, “a priori” knowledge provides the universal and necessary principles that allow the understanding and interpretation of sensory data. Thus, “a posteriori” knowledge depends on “a priori” knowledge to be valid and meaningful.

The importance of a posteriori knowledge

“A posteriori” knowledge plays a fundamental role in the acquisition and expansion of human knowledge. Through experience and empirical observation, we are able to obtain information about the world around us and to construct theories and explanations about the phenomena that surround us.

Furthermore, “a posteriori” knowledge is also essential for the development of science. Through observation and experimentation, scientists collect data and evidence that support their theories and hypotheses. Without “a posteriori” knowledge, science would not be able to advance and generate new knowledge.

Criticisms of a posteriori knowledge

Despite the importance of “a posteriori” knowledge, it is also the target of criticism and questioning. Some philosophers argue that “a posteriori” knowledge is limited and fallible, as it depends on individual experience and sensory perceptions, which can be misleading or subjective.

Furthermore, “a posteriori” knowledge can also be influenced by cognitive biases and personal interpretations. This means that different people can reach different conclusions from the same evidence, which can lead to disputes and controversies.

Conclusion

In short, “a posteriori” knowledge is a type of knowledge that is acquired through experience and empirical observation. Unlike “a priori” knowledge, which is obtained independently of experience, “a posteriori” knowledge is based on concrete facts and depends on sensory experience. This type of knowledge plays a fundamental role in the acquisition and development of human knowledge, being essential for science and understanding the world around us.